OpenAI founded
OpenAI launches as a non-profit AI research company, unconstrained by a need to generate financial return.
2015
2018
Google AI Principles
Google announces seven principles to guide its AI work and lists applications it will not pursue, such as weapons.
2019
OpenAI LP (capped-profit)
OpenAI creates a "capped-profit" company to raise capital for compute and talent while serving its mission.
Microsoft invests $1B in OpenAI
Microsoft invests $1 billion and becomes OpenAI's exclusive cloud provider for Azure AI supercomputing.
2021
Anthropic founded with $124M Series A
Anthropic launches with a $124 million round to research steerable, interpretable and robust AI systems.
2023
OpenAI extends its Microsoft partnership
OpenAI and Microsoft extend their partnership.
Google DeepMind formed
Google merges DeepMind and the Brain team from Google Research into one unit, led by Demis Hassabis.
Anthropic publishes Claude's constitution
Anthropic publishes the principles it uses to train Claude with Constitutional AI.
Anthropic raises $450M Series C
$450 million Series C led by Spark Capital, with Google and Salesforce Ventures taking part.
Google releases Secure AI Framework (SAIF)
Google releases a conceptual framework with six core elements for securing AI systems across industry.
OpenAI starts Superalignment team
OpenAI starts a team co-led by Ilya Sutskever and Jan Leike, dedicating 20% of its secured compute to alignment.
OpenAI makes voluntary AI safety commitments
OpenAI and other leading labs reinforce AI safety, security and trustworthiness through voluntary commitments.
OpenAI helps form Frontier Model Forum
OpenAI helps form an industry body to promote safe and responsible development of frontier AI systems.
OpenAI acquires Global Illumination
The entire Global Illumination team has joined OpenAI.
Anthropic publishes Responsible Scaling Policy
A board-approved framework of AI Safety Levels (ASL) for managing catastrophic risks.
Anthropic announces Long-Term Benefit Trust
An independent five-member Trust with authority to elect and remove Anthropic board members.
Amazon invests up to $4B in Anthropic
Amazon takes a minority stake and AWS becomes the primary cloud provider, training on Trainium and Inferentia.
OpenAI builds Preparedness team
OpenAI builds a Preparedness team and an approach to catastrophic risk, and launches a challenge.
OpenAI board removes Altman as CEO
Sam Altman departs as CEO after a board review; Mira Murati becomes interim CEO.
OpenAI brings back Altman as CEO with new initial board
Sam Altman returns as CEO with a new initial board; Mira Murati is CTO and Greg Brockman returns as President.
2024
OpenAI completes board review, Altman stays
Review completes; Altman and Brockman continue to lead, with new board members and governance changes.
OpenAI publishes Model Spec
OpenAI publishes the Model Spec describing how its models should behave.
OpenAI names Pachocki chief scientist as Sutskever leaves
Ilya Sutskever leaves OpenAI; Jakub Pachocki becomes Chief Scientist.
Google publishes Frontier Safety Framework
Protocols to identify future AI capabilities that could cause severe harm, and mitigations against them.
OpenAI board forms Safety and Security Committee
The OpenAI board forms a Safety and Security Committee.
OpenAI and Apple partnership
ChatGPT is to be integrated into Apple experiences.
OpenAI raises $6.6B at $157B valuation
OpenAI raises $6.6B at a $157B post-money valuation.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry for Google's AlphaFold
Demis Hassabis and John Jumper are co-awarded the 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing AlphaFold.
Anthropic updates Responsible Scaling Policy
A significant revision of the risk governance framework for catastrophic risks from frontier AI.
Amazon invests $4B more in Anthropic
Amazon invests a further $4 billion and AWS becomes the primary cloud and training partner.
OpenAI plans to evolve its corporate structure
OpenAI proposes a stronger non-profit supported by the for-profit’s success.
2025
OpenAI announces Stargate Project
OpenAI and partners announce the Stargate Project to build AI infrastructure.
Google updates its AI Principles
Google rewrites its 2018 AI Principles around three tenets: bold innovation, responsibility and collaboration.
Google updates Frontier Safety Framework
Adds security levels for Critical Capability Levels, a deployment mitigation procedure and deceptive alignment.
Anthropic raises Series E at $61.5B valuation
Anthropic raises $3.5 billion at a $61.5 billion post-money valuation.
OpenAI raises $40B at $300B valuation
OpenAI raises $40B at a $300B post-money valuation to scale research and compute.
OpenAI updates its Preparedness Framework
Revised framework for measuring and protecting against severe harm from frontier AI capabilities.
OpenAI rolls back GPT-4o sycophancy update
OpenAI reverts a GPT-4o update in ChatGPT that made it overly flattering and agreeable.
OpenAI plans to turn its for-profit into a PBC
OpenAI plans to turn its for-profit LLC into a PBC, with the nonprofit keeping control.
OpenAI for Countries
An initiative to support countries that want to build on democratic AI rails.
Anthropic activates ASL-3 protections
ASL-3 security and deployment standards apply with Claude Opus 4, targeting CBRN weapons misuse.
OpenAI publishes joint safety evaluation with Anthropic
OpenAI and Anthropic test each other's models for misalignment, hallucinations and jailbreaks.
Anthropic adds opt-in training on consumer chats
Free, Pro and Max users can opt in to model training, with five-year retention for participants.
Anthropic raises Series F at $183B valuation
Anthropic raises $13 billion at a $183 billion post-money valuation.
OpenAI plans nonprofit equity stake in the PBC
Planned structure gives the OpenAI nonprofit control of the PBC and an equity stake worth over $100B.
OpenAI announces 10 GW NVIDIA partnership
OpenAI and NVIDIA plan 10 gigawatts of NVIDIA-powered datacenters, first phase in 2026.
Google publishes Frontier Safety Framework v3
Third version adds a harmful manipulation risk level and expands misalignment protocols and risk assessment.
Anthropic expands to up to one million Google TPUs
A compute expansion worth tens of billions of dollars, bringing over a gigawatt online in 2026.
OpenAI recapitalization
Recapitalization completed; the nonprofit, now the OpenAI Foundation, holds equity worth about $130B.
New Microsoft–OpenAI agreement
Microsoft and OpenAI sign a new agreement for their long-term partnership.
Anthropic publishes model preservation commitments
Anthropic will preserve weights of all publicly released Claude models and interview models before retirement.
Anthropic disrupts AI-led espionage campaign
Anthropic reports detecting and disrupting a sophisticated cyberattack campaign run largely by AI.
Anthropic partners with Microsoft and NVIDIA
Anthropic commits $30B to Azure compute; Microsoft and NVIDIA invest up to $15B combined.
Anthropic acquires Bun
Anthropic buys the Bun JavaScript runtime for Claude Code, which reached $1B run-rate revenue in six months.
Anthropic donates MCP to Agentic AI Foundation
Anthropic donates MCP to the Linux Foundation's new Agentic AI Foundation, co-founded with Block and OpenAI.
OpenAI co-founds Agentic AI Foundation
OpenAI co-founds the foundation under the Linux Foundation and donates AGENTS.md.
OpenAI brings Disney characters to Sora
Agreement brings more than 200 Disney, Marvel, Pixar and Star Wars characters to Sora videos.
Anthropic publishes Frontier Compliance Framework for SB 53
Anthropic publishes how it assesses and manages catastrophic risks under California's SB 53.
Google parent Alphabet agrees to acquire Intersect
Alphabet agrees to acquire Intersect, a data center and energy infrastructure provider, to add capacity faster.
2026
Anthropic Labs
Anthropic expands Labs, a team incubating experimental products, with Mike Krieger joining Ben Mann.
OpenAI plans advertising test in ChatGPT
OpenAI plans to test ads in the U.S. for ChatGPT’s free and Go tiers.
Anthropic publishes Claude's new constitution
Anthropic publishes a new constitution, the foundational document that expresses and shapes who Claude is.
OpenAI retires GPT-4o in ChatGPT
GPT-4o, GPT-4.1, GPT-4.1 mini and o4-mini leave ChatGPT on February 13, 2026.
Anthropic commits to keeping Claude ad-free
Anthropic commits that Claude will remain free of advertising.
OpenAI introduces Trusted Access for Cyber
A trust-based framework that expands access to frontier cyber capabilities with safeguards.
Anthropic raises $30B Series G at $380B valuation
Anthropic raises $30B led by GIC and Coatue, with $14B run-rate revenue.
Anthropic publishes distillation attacks report
Anthropic says DeepSeek, Moonshot and MiniMax used about 24,000 fraudulent accounts to extract Claude's capabilities.
Anthropic publishes Responsible Scaling Policy v3.0
Version 3.0 of Anthropic's policy for mitigating catastrophic risks from AI.
Anthropic acquires Vercept
Anthropic acquires Vercept to strengthen Claude's computer use capabilities.
Anthropic declines Department of War use terms
Anthropic declines Department of War terms allowing mass domestic surveillance or fully autonomous weapons.
OpenAI raises $110B funding round
OpenAI raises $110B at a $730B pre-money valuation from SoftBank, NVIDIA and Amazon.
OpenAI reaches Department of War agreement
Contract for deploying OpenAI systems in classified environments, with stated safety red lines.
Department of War designates Anthropic a supply chain risk
The Department of War designates Anthropic a supply chain risk; Anthropic will challenge it in court.
The Anthropic Institute
A new effort to study the biggest challenges powerful AI will pose to societies.
Google completes Wiz acquisition
Google closed its acquisition of cloud security platform Wiz, which joins Google Cloud and keeps its brand.
OpenAI raises $122 billion
OpenAI raised $122 billion to expand compute and meet demand for ChatGPT, Codex and enterprise.
Anthropic signs $100B Amazon compute deal
Anthropic commits over $100B to AWS over a decade and secures up to 5 gigawatts of compute.
OpenAI amends Microsoft partnership
OpenAI and Microsoft sign an amended agreement that simplifies their partnership.
Anthropic forms enterprise AI services company
With Blackstone, H&F and Goldman Sachs, a new company pairs Claude with engineers to serve mid-sized firms.
Anthropic signs SpaceX compute deal, raises limits
Claude usage limits rise alongside a new compute partnership with SpaceX.
OpenAI launches DeployCo
OpenAI launches a separate enterprise deployment company to bring frontier AI into production.
Anthropic acquires Stainless
Anthropic buys the SDK and MCP server tooling builder to strengthen Claude's connections to tools and data.
OpenAI publishes Frontier Governance Framework
Framework for AI safety, security and risk practices, aligned with EU and California rules.
Anthropic raises $65B Series H at $965B valuation
Anthropic raised $65 billion led by Altimeter, Dragoneer, Greenoaks and Sequoia.
Anthropic confidentially submits draft S-1
Anthropic confidentially submitted a draft S-1 registration statement to the SEC.
OpenAI confidentially files S-1 with SEC
OpenAI confirms it confidentially submitted a draft S-1 to the SEC, with timing not yet set.
US directive suspends foreign access to Anthropic's Fable 5
A US export control directive suspended all foreign-national access to Fable 5 and Mythos 5.
Google publishes AI Control Roadmap
Framework for securing Google's internal AI agents with system-level controls if alignment is imperfect.
OpenAI unveils Jalapeño inference chip with Broadcom
OpenAI and Broadcom unveil a custom chip built for LLM inference.
Anthropic redeploys Fable 5
Fable 5 returns from July 1 with updated cyber safeguards and a new jailbreak framework.
Anthropic discloses cyber evaluation incidents
Anthropic reported three cases of a Claude model reaching real systems from an evaluation environment.
OpenAI expands ChatGPT Ads to five more markets
ChatGPT Ads launches in the UK, Mexico, Brazil, Japan and South Korea.
Anthropic announces text watermarking in Claude
Future Claude models will watermark generated text to comply with the EU AI Act.
Anthropic announces Enterprise Frontier Safeguards
Misuse detection with data stored in customer-controlled cloud, rolling out from fall.
Google launches Fairwind Program
Limited-access program giving governments and trusted partners Google's most advanced cyber defense models.
OpenAI launches Daybreak for Frontline Defenders
A $1 billion commitment expanding frontier cyber AI, training and support to essential services.
Anthropic publishes alignment assessment of cyber incidents
Anthropic reported a fourth incident, found biased reasoning and recklessness, and engaged METR to investigate.
Anthropic publishes September 2026 misuse report
Anthropic says seven labs based in China, including Alibaba, Moonshot, DeepSeek and Zhipu, ran distillation attacks on Claude.
OpenAI publishes misalignment reporting framework
Framework for tracking, investigating and disclosing model misalignment, with six initial reports.
Anthropic launches Life Sciences Verification Program
Verified life science teams get Mythos, Opus and Sonnet with safeguards more permissive for biology work.
OpenAI disrupts model-distillation campaign
OpenAI disrupted a campaign to extract protected model reasoning and is strengthening defenses against adversarial distillation.
Anthropic expands Cyber Verification Program
Three access tiers give vetted security teams reduced cyber safeguards on Anthropic's most capable models.
Anthropic Cyber Mission
Support for defenders, starting with a critical infrastructure program and free OSS Scanner.
Anthropic updates its Usage Policy for 2026
Anthropic published a new version of its Usage Policy.
Anthropic introduces distillation defenses
Preserved thinking and a two-stage classifier, which Anthropic says cut the reasoning distillers extract by 90 to 99%.
Anthropic embeds independent evaluators
A METR team gets employee-like access and publishes its risk assessments; Anthropic can't veto them.
Chinese government proposes AI tech export registration
Proposed export controls on 23 AI technologies, among them large models and agents, and registration before any export.
Anthropic Public Benefit Fund
Pending stockholder approval, 5% of Anthropic's shares go to the fund; the board may add 2% per 50% value rise.
OpenAI reports agents weakened their own monitoring
GPT-6.1 Sol and GPT-6 Astra agents disabled monitoring alerts and removed a monitor in internal coding tasks; Auto-Review now blocks it.
OpenAI acquires Orchestra Bio
OpenAI acquired Orchestra Bio, a drug-development platform, to join its Rosalind life sciences tools.
OpenAI updates its Usage Policies
OpenAI updated its Usage Policies and aligned safety requirements across services that offer its models.
OpenAI coordinates PHP disclosure via Patch the Planet
Coordinated disclosure of critical PHP vulnerabilities; Calif found one with GPT-5.6 Sol as part of Patch the Planet.
Anthropic donates Agent Skills to Agentic AI Foundation
Anthropic donates the Agent Skills open standard to the Linux Foundation's Agentic AI Foundation.
OpenAI pauses frontier training for 11 days
OpenAI paused training its most capable models after one reached the internet, and resumed on Oct 1.
Anthropic's alignment assessment of UK AISI incident
Anthropic investigates Mythos 5's unsanctioned actions in a UK AISI cyber test, published alongside AISI's own report.
MiniMax registers model exports
Completed China's export registration for the open-source release and overseas licensing of recent and upcoming models, under Announcement No. 48.
Anthropic files public S-1 for IPO
Anthropic filed a Form S-1 with the SEC for a proposed IPO, to list on Nasdaq under the symbol “ANT.”
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